PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Permian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic	Late Albian						100.5
							Middle Albian						106.2 *
							Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian						113
		Aptian					Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian						139.8
							Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
							Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian						174.7
							Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
							Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian					Sevatian						208.5
							Alaunian						213.2 *
							Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian						227
		Carnian					Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian						237
		Ladinian					Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian						242
							Pelsonian						243.8 *
							Bithynian						244.7 *
							Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian						251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian								Wordian			264.28
		Roadian								Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian										Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian										Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	307									Desmoinesian
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
			Middle Famennian						365.3 *
			Early Famennian						368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		Adorf				372.2
			Middle Frasnian						375.4 *
			Early Frasnian						379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko		Late Givetian				Givetian			382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Chotec		Late Eifelian	Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian	Chotec		Early Eifelian	Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian		Late Emsian	Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian		Early Emsian	Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		Pragian	Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan			487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan			489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †			497
		Drumian						Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran		514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8