PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Devonian of Germany	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Cambrian of Australia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Chibanian					Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan						1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian						2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian					Villanyian	2.58
							Waipipian					Villanyian	3
												Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian						3.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean					Turolian	5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
												Vallesian	8.7
						Southland	Waiauan					Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian					Waiauan					Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian						13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian						13.82
							Clifdenian						15.1
						Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian					Altonian					Orleanian	15.98
							Otaian					Orleanian	18.7
												Agenian	20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian						21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian						23.03
							Duntroonian						25.2
							Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
						Arnold	Runangan						34.6
							Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian						41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
							Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan						47.8
							Mangaorapan						48.9
							Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian						56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian						66
		Campanian					Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
							Mangaotanean						90.5
							Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan						93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
							Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan						100.5
							Urutawan						103.3
						Taitai	Korangan						108.4
		Aptian					Korangan						113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf		Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko		Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec		Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian		Emsian		393.3
		Pragian				Pragian		Siegen		407.6
		Pragian				Pragian		Siegen	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian		Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ungurian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian			Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10								Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian	489.5
							Aksaian				490.7 *
			Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian				Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian				Mindyallan			497
			Ayusokkanian				Boomerangian			499
							Boomerangian			499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian				Undillan			500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian				Floran			503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian				Templetonian			504.5
							Templetonian			505.3
					Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
			Toyonian				510 *
			Toyonian				510.8 *
			Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	521
													525.5