PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cambrian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Salt Range	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian											Ionian					0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian															Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian															Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian															Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian												Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				168.2
		Bajocian													Humphresianum			168.4
		Aalenian												Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			174.7
														Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
														Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian												Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian												Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian												Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
		Induan																251.2
		Induan														Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														Kathwai		251.902
																		252.4 *
																Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †							Chhidru		254.14
																Kalabagh		255 *
																Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																259.51
		Wordian																264.28
				265.3 *
			Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian					Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
							Aksaian						490.7 *
							Sakian						492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian				Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan		Stage 5 †			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †	509
							Toyonian	Lenian †						510 *
							Toyonian					Dyeran		511 *
							Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3												514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
							Atdabanian					Montezuman		515.6 *
							Atdabanian					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian							521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †	529
																		538.8