PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of North America						Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6		Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian							0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian							2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian							3
		Zanclean											Waipipian							3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian							3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian											Tongaporutuan							7.246
		Tortonian										Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian								Cenozoic 5			Waiauan							11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian							13.82
													Clifdenian							15.1
												Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian							15.98
		Burdigalian											Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Cenozoic 4			Waitakian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
													Duntroonian							25.2
													Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian																Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
												Arnold	Runangan							34.6
													Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2			Bortonian							41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
													Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan						Bumbanian	47.8
													Mangaorapan							48.9
													Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cenozoic 1			Teurian					Gashatan		56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8		Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian								Cretaceous 7			Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian								Cretaceous 6			Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
													Mangaotanean							90.5
													Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5			Arowhanan							93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
													Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Cretaceous 4			Motuan							100.5
													Urutawan							103.3
												Taitai	Korangan							108.4
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3			Korangan							113
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3										117.5
		Barremian								Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian								Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	139.8							Cretaceous 1
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3		174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko			Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Chotec			Devonian 3	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian			Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Pragian			Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian			Devonian 1	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Ordovician 5	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian			Pirgu	445.2
								Richmondian			Pirgu	446 *
								Richmondian			Vormsi	449.6 *
								Maysvillian			Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Maysvillian			Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
								Edenian			Nabala			450.4 *
								Edenian		Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			Rakvere			451.1 *
				Oandu							452 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4					Keila		Idavere †		453
								Turinian	Keila				453.7 *
									Haljala				453.9
									Kukruse				456.4 *
						Whiterockian			Kukruse			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Uhaku		Aluoja †			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3					Uhaku					458.4
									Lasnamagi					458.9 *
									Aseri					460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
										Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2											467.3
								Rangerian							469.1 *
								Rangerian		Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian		Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
											Latorp †					470.1 *
										Hunneberg						473.7 *
								Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1				Tulean								477.7
								Stairsian								480.3 *
								Stairsian		Varangu						481.3 *
								Skullrockian		Varangu					Demingian †	482 *
										Pakerort					Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort			Cambrian 5			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian															Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian															Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Cambrian 4			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Cambrian 4			Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Cambrian 3			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan														Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4														Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Cambrian 2			Dyeran		514
																Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											Cambrian 1			529
																				538.8