PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of China			South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian Ages of Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian Subages of Germany	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian					Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian					Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian					Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean									2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan									3.6
							Montehermosan									3.7 *
							Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
							Chasicoan									7.9 *
							Mayoan									9.9 *
							Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian					Laventan									11.63
		Serravallian					Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian					Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian									15.98
							Santacrucian									16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian					Tinguirirican							Kekeamuan		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian					Divisaderan							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		35.9 *
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian					Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian					Mustersan								Bumbanian	47.8
		Ypresian					Casamayoran								Bumbanian	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican							Gashatan		56
							Itaboraian									56.9 *
							Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian					Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
										Planulata						179.3 *
										Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
			Kanense	181.3 *
			Carlottense	182.3 *
			Kunae	183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae	184.2
			Freboldi	185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller		Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Leine		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian						Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian			393.3
		Pragian					Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian								Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian									Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian									Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian									Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian									Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian									Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian									Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian									Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8