PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of the Baltic				Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian			0.0117
		Chibanian													Ionian			0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian																11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian						100.5
												Middle Albian						106.2 *
												Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian						113
		Aptian										Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian						139.8
												Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
												Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian						174.7
												Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
												Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian										Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian										Sevatian						208.5
												Alaunian						213.2 *
												Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian										Tuvalian						227
		Carnian										Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Longobardian						237
		Ladinian										Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian										Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	Bolindian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
											Eastonian	Chientangkiangian			449 *
												Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
										Vormsi					449.6 *
										Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere						450.6 *
										Oandu	Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian								Keila					Idavere †	453
										Haljala						453.9
										Kukruse						456.4 *
										Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
										Lasnamagi						458.9 *
			Aseri							460.4 *
			Oeland						Kunda	462.9 *
										Valaste †/Hunderum					464.3 *
													Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
									Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									Yapeenian	Dapingian				467.3
											Castlemainian					468.5 *
									Billingen		Castlemainian					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Chewtonian	Yiyangian				470
										Latorp †	Chewtonian					470.1 *
											Bendigonian					471.8 *
											Lancefieldian					473.5 *
									Hunneberg							473.7 *
		Tremadocian										Xinchangian				477.7
														Lianghekou †		477.9 *
									Varangu							481.3 *
									Pakerort							482.2 *
											Warendian					482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Late Cambrian					485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
		Paibian															494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan															504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3															514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																		538.8