PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian						100.5
										Middle Albian						106.2 *
										Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian						113
		Aptian								Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian						139.8
										Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
										Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian						174.7
										Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
										Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian								Sevatian						208.5
										Alaunian						213.2 *
										Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian						227
		Carnian								Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian						237
		Ladinian								Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
		Katian							Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †		458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
									Dobrotivian			458.5 *
									Oretanian			459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10												Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian												Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											St Davids		497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8