PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of North America			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean												0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean												0.0004
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean												0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean												0.129
				Chibanian				Irvingtonian												0.21
				Calabrian				Irvingtonian												0.774
				Calabrian				Blancan												1.4
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
				Zanclean																3.6
				Zanclean				Hemphillian												4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Tortonian				Clarendonian												9.4
				Serravallian				Clarendonian												11.63
				Serravallian				Barstovian												12.5
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
								Hemingfordian												16.3
								Arikareean												18.5
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
				Rupelian																27.82
								Whitneyan												29.5
								Orellan												31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian												33.9
				Priabonian				Duchesnean												37
				Bartonian				Duchesnean												37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian				Uintan												41.2
				Lutetian				Bridgerian												46.2
				Ypresian				Bridgerian												47.8
								Wasatchian												50.5
								Clarkforkian												54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian												56
				Thanetian				Tiffanian												56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian												59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian												60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian												61.6
				Danian				Puercan												63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian											Epizigzagiceras					168.2
				Bajocian											Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
				Aalenian											Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
Planulata					179.3 *
Planulata					Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
Kanense						181.3 *
Carlottense						182.3 *
Kunae						183.5 *
Kunae				Pliensbachian		184.2
Freboldi						185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis	190.3 *
				Sinemurian			192.9
Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras		196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian				Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian				Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian		Cathedralian		273.01
			Kungurian						Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian						Hessian		283.5
			Artinskian				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian		286.1 *
			Sakmarian						Lenoxian		290.1
			Asselian						Nealian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian			393.3
			Pragian					Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian					Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
											Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
											Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian									Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian									Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian									Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian										Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian										Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian									Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian										Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian											438.5
														Alexandrian	438.7 *
													Raikkula		439.4 *
											Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
															440.7 *
			Rhuddanian												440.8
			Rhuddanian										Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian													Gamachian	445.2
																Richmondian	446 *
																Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
																Edenian		450.4 *
															Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian													Chatfieldian		453
																Turinian		453.7 *
															Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian																458.4
			Dapingian																467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian										469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian									Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
			Floian	Tulean	473.9 *
			Tremadocian	Tulean	477.7
				Stairsian	480.3 *
				Skullrockian	Demingian †										482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Skullrockian													485.4
			Stage 10														487.5
			Jiangshanian														489.5
Paibian			494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																				635