PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of North America			Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of China	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian									Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean									Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian									Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian									Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian									Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian									Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian									Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian									Agenian	20
		Aquitanian									Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Senonian			66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian					Gallic			100.5
				Middle Albian								106.2 *
				Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian								113
		Aptian		Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian								139.8
				Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
				Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian								174.7
				Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
				Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian		Sevatian								208.5
				Alaunian								213.2 *
				Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian								227
		Carnian		Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian								237
		Ladinian		Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian								242
				Pelsonian								243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian			Paibian					494
		Paibian			Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian				Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian			Drumian				Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian					530.7
												538.8