PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian of North America			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian																0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian																0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan																0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan																0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †															1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean																2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan																2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan																3.6
				Montehermosan																3.7 *
				Huayquerian																4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
				Chasicoan																7.9 *
				Mayoan																9.9 *
				Laventan																10.9 *
		Serravallian		Laventan																11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran																13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran																13.82
		Langhian		Friasian																15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian																15.98
				Santacrucian																16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian																17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian																20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan																20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
		Rupelian																		27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican																28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Tinguirirican																33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan																35.9 *
		Bartonian																		37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan																41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan																47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran																47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican																56
				Itaboraian																56.9 *
				Peligran																58.9 *
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan																62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																Late Albian		100.5
																		Middle Albian		106.2 *
																		Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian																Late Aptian		113
		Aptian																Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian																Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian																Late Berriasian		139.8
																		Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian																Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian																Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian																	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian				174.7
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		208.5
			Alaunian		213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel		298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		303.7			Stephanian A
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian			307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
					Westphalian C		309.8
					Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B		315.2
					Westphalian A		317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
					Marsdenian		320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
					Alportian		322 *
					Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian		323.2
					Arnsbergian		324 *
					Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
				Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
									Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
										Kaugetuma	421.7 *
						Niagaran				Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
								Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
											Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
											Adavere	434 *
												436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
											Raikkula		439.4 *
						Medinan				Clinton			440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru								441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian										Pirgu		445.2
												Vormsi		449.6 *
												Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
											Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
												Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian										Keila		Idavere †	453
												Haljala			453.9
												Kukruse			456.4 *
												Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku			458.4
												Lasnamagi			458.9 *
												Aseri			460.4 *
											Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
												Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
												Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian										Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian										Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
														Latorp †		470.1 *
												Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian										Hunneberg				477.7
												Varangu				481.3 *
												Pakerort				482.2 *
																Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
		Jiangshanian																489.5
														Aksaian				490.7 *
														Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian			494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian												494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian											497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian											499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian											500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan											509
					Toyonian		Lenian †									510 *
					Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3		514	Botomian
		Stage 3		Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian			521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
																				538.8