PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian of North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian										Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian										Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan										Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan										Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian													Turolian	7.246
															Vallesian	8.7
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											Vallesian	9.4
		Serravallian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										Middle Miocene	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene	Orleanian	15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
															Agenian	20
		Aquitanian													Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene		23.03
					Monroecreekian											23.1 *
					Geringian											24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian									Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian												Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian												Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										Early Eocene		47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1								Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1								Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian	Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian				Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian					433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian			489.5
									Aksaian				490.7 *
									Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian								Paibian			494
		Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian								Guzhangian			499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian	Drumian			500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian	Drumian			503
		Wuliuan							Tuesaian	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
		Wuliuan								Wuliuan/Taijangian			505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
									Toyonian				510 *
									Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian	Nangaoian			514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian	Nangaoian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian	Meishucunian			521
		Stage 2											525.5
		Fortunian											529
		Fortunian								Jinnigian			530.7
																538.8