PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous of North America	Permian of the Salt Range
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene						0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian	Middle Pleistocene						0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian	Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian	Early Pliocene						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian	Middle Miocene						11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene						15.98
				Hemingfordian							16.3
				Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
				Whitneyan							29.5
				Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian	Late Eocene		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean	Late Eocene		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean	Middle Eocene		MP 16				37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan			MP 16				39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian			MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian	Early Eocene		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
				Wasatchian							50.5
				Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene		MP 6	MP 1 - 5			56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian	Late Paleocene		MP 6				56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene						60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian	Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian		Puercan	Early Paleocene						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai			251.902
						252.4 *
			Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru			254.14
			Kalabagh			255 *
			Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
			Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb			266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian							Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian							Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian							Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian							Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chesterian	323.2
		Visean							Chesterian	330.9
									Meramecian	335.8 *
									Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian							Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian							Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
											419.2