PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128253 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian				Ionian					0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian								MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian								MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean								MN 15	3.6
										MN 14	4.2
										MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12	7.246
										MN 11	7.75
										MN 10	8.7
										MN 9	9.7
										MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian								MN 7 + 8	11.63
		Serravallian								MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian								MN 4	15.98
										MN 3	16.9
										MN 2	20
		Aquitanian								MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan							56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian						Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan		150
									Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Toarcian						Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian							Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian							Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian							Warepan		208.5
									Otamitan		217
									Oretian		221
		Carnian	227						Oretian
		Carnian	Gore				Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237	Kaihikuan
		Ladinian				Etalian	238
		Anisian				Etalian	242
		Anisian				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville			Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima			Flettian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian	266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
		Telychian			Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
											443.8