PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Germany	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Precambrian of Russia	Silurian of England		Silurian of North America			Permian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian	Tarantian												0.0117
				Chibanian			Ionian												0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean													2.58
				Zanclean		Yushean													3.6
				Zanclean		Baodean													4.9
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian		Tunggurian													11.1
				Serravallian		Tunggurian													11.63
				Langhian		Shanwangian													13.82
				Burdigalian		Shanwangian													15.98
				Burdigalian		Xiejiaan													16.9
				Aquitanian		Xiejiaan													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Oteke	Puaroan		145
				Kimmeridgian												Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
																Kawhia	Ohauan		150
																	Heterian		154.5
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Callovian													Temaikan		164.3
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Toarcian												Herangi	Ururoan		176
				Pliensbachian													Ururoan		184.2
				Pliensbachian													Aratauran		188.9
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
				Norian													Warepan		208.5
																	Otamitan		217
																	Oretian		221
				Carnian													Oretian		227
				Carnian												Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													Kaihikuan		237
				Ladinian													Etalian		238
				Anisian													Etalian		242
				Anisian													Malakovian		246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian													Malakovian		247.2
				Olenekian													Nelsonian		249
Induan				251.2													Nelsonian
Induan				DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Buntsandstein	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Aparima		Flettian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian			Flettian	Leine	264.28
			Wordian	Wordian			Barettian	Leine	266
			Roadian	Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
							Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian							283.5
							Telfordian			285
				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	Telfordian		286.1 *
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian			Nealian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
			Pragian						Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan	419.2
											Bringewood/Elton	Cayugan	421.3
											Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
			Gorstian										425.6
			Gorstian								Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas		Lockportian	427.4
			Homerian							Wych	Woolhope		Lockportian	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian										Ontarian	433.4
			Telychian											436.3 *
			Aeronian											438.5
														Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
												Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
															440.7 *
			Rhuddanian												440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian												443.8
			Katian												445.2
			Sandbian												453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian												467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian												470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian												477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian													Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan												Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan												Delamaran		506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Waucoban †												Delamaran	509
		Stage 4													Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3													Dyeran	514
															Montezuman	514.8 *
															Begadean	519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2														521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian														529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian													Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau			1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan		1375
																			1400