PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian		Ruscinian								Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean		Ruscinian								Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian		Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian		Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian		Astaracian								Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian		Astaracian								Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian		Orleanian								Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian		Agenian									20
		Aquitanian		Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian								Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan		150
											Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Callovian									Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Toarcian								Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian									Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian									Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian									Warepan		208.5
											Otamitan		217
											Oretian		221
		Carnian									Oretian		227
		Carnian								Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian									Etalian		238
		Anisian									Etalian		242
		Anisian									Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian									Nelsonian		249
		Induan	251.2								Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Barettian	266
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian			393.3
		Pragian		Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8