PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian										Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
												Hemingfordian				16.3
												Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									23.03
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan										27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian					Bridgerian				47.8
												Wasatchian				50.5
												Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan						Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian				Gashatan						Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian										Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan											150
					Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
				Telfordian	285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Cautleyan			448.9 *
							Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
							Streffordian	Berounian			449.7 *
							Cheneyan				451.5 *
							Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Aurelucian							456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
									Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
								Dobrotivian						458.5 *
								Oretanian						459.7 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
									Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †					467.3
								Arenigian						468
						Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian							470
							Whitlandian							471.1 *
							Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian						477.7
						Tremadoc	Cressagian							480.8 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												497
		Guzhangian												Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Branchian	509
		Stage 3												Branchian	514
		Stage 3	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																538.8