PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Britain				Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of France
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian									2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian									3.1 *
		Zanclean					Ruscinian									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian									5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian									7.246
		Tortonian					Vallesian									8.7
		Serravallian					Astaracian									11.63
		Langhian					Astaracian									13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian									15.98
		Burdigalian					Agenian									20
		Aquitanian					Agenian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan											150
					Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan											176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan											184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran											188.9
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
		Norian			Warepan											208.5
					Otamitan											217
					Oretian											221
		Carnian			Oretian											227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan											227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan											237
		Ladinian			Etalian											238
		Anisian			Etalian											242
		Anisian			Malakovian											246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	Vokhmian										247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian											249
		Induan			Nelsonian											251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan											251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan											251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian											253.2
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		Chotec	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian					Siegen		Pragian		407.6
		Pragian					Siegen		Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
												Cheneyan		451.5 *
												Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
												Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
												Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian									Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Fennian			470
												Whitlandian			471.1 *
												Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian									Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian									Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
																485 *