PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of the Salt Range	Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene										7.246
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene										11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene										13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene										15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene										33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene										41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene										56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian									66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian									Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
		Bajocian										Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian									Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
											Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
											Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian									Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian									Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian									Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
		Induan												251.2
		Induan							Kathwai					251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai	Dorashamian				251.902
														252.4 *
									Chhidru					252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian							Chhidru	Dzhulfian				254.14
									Kalabagh					255 *
									Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Midian				259.51
		Wordian												264.28
														265.3 *
			Amb			266.1 *
						Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian					266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian			393.3
		Pragian		Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian			Ungurian				Xinchangian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Ungurian			Lianghekou †	Xinchangian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian					485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian					489.5
								Aksaian					490.7 *
								Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian			Paibian								494
		Paibian			Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian			Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian			Drumian			Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian			Drumian			Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian			Tuesaian			504.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian						505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian						509
								Toyonian			510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3			Nangaoian			Botomian			514
		Stage 3			Nangaoian			Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian			Tommotian			521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian						530.7
														538.8