PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Cambrian of Siberia			Devonian of Eastern North America		European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian												Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian							MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							MN 16							2.58
		Piacenzian							MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean							MN 15							3.6
									MN 14							4.2
									MN 13							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							MN 13							5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12							7.246
									MN 11							7.75
									MN 10							8.7
									MN 9							9.7
									MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian							MN 7 + 8							11.63
		Serravallian							MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian							MN 5							13.82
		Burdigalian							MN 4							15.98
									MN 3							16.9
									MN 2							20
		Aquitanian							MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian														254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			470
							Whitlandian			471.1 *
							Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
							Cressagian			480.8 *
							Cressagian			Mansian †	483.55 *
										Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
										Aksaian					490.7 *
										Sakian					492.2 *
														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan								Amgan/Solvan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Waucoban †	509
										Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
										Toyonian			Dyeran		511 *
										Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3													514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
										Atdabanian			Montezuman		515.6 *
										Atdabanian			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian					521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian								Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †				529
																538.8