PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian				100.5
										Middle Albian				106.2 *
										Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian				113
		Aptian								Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian				139.8
										Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
										Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian				174.7
										Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
										Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian								Sevatian				208.5
										Alaunian				213.2 *
										Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian				227
		Carnian								Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian				237
		Ladinian								Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian				242
										Pelsonian				243.8 *
										Bithynian				244.7 *
										Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian								Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan								Dienerian				251.2
		Induan								Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Roadian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian												283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel							297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel					Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C						300.3 *
								Stephanian B						300.9 *
								Stephanian A						301.4 *
		Kasimovian	303.7					Stephanian A
		Kasimovian	Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Cantabrian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Adorf			Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian			Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Eifelian			Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian	Eifelian			Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian			Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Emsian			Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Siegen			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine			Late Lochkovian		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Tremadocian						477.7
		Tremadocian						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
								Aksaian					490.7 *
								Sakian					492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan						Amgan/Solvan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Waucoban †	509
								Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
								Toyonian			Dyeran		511 *
								Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3											514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
								Atdabanian			Montezuman		515.6 *
								Atdabanian			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian					521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian						Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †				529
														538.8