PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of North America						North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Sheridanian			0.0117
				Chibanian															Sheridanian			0.129
				Chibanian															Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
				Calabrian															Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
				Calabrian															Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
				Gelasian																		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †												2.58
				Zanclean																		3.6
				Zanclean															Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
				Tortonian																		7.246
				Tortonian															Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian															Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
				Serravallian															late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian																		13.82
				Burdigalian																		15.98
																			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
																			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
				Aquitanian																		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
																				Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																				Geringian		24.7 *
				Rupelian																Geringian		27.82
				Rupelian																		29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian															Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian																		37
				Bartonian																		37.71
				Bartonian															Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian															Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian															Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
				Ypresian															Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
																			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
																					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian																	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
				Thanetian																	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
				Selandian																	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
				Selandian																	To3/To2/To1	60.9
				Danian																	To3/To2/To1	61.6
				Danian																	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
				Campanian																		72.1
				Santonian																		83.6
				Coniacian																		86.3
				Turonian																		89.8
				Cenomanian																		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
				Aptian																		113
				Barremian																		121.4
				Hauterivian																		125.77
				Valanginian																		132.6
				Berriasian																		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
				Kimmeridgian																		149.2
				Oxfordian																		154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
				Bathonian																		165.3
				Bajocian																		168.2
				Aalenian																		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
				Pliensbachian																		184.2
				Sinemurian																		192.9
				Hettangian																		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
				Norian																		208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	Laoshanian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian		Zisongian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	Virgilian	298.9
			Gzhelian			Virgilian	300.1
			Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian		393.3
			Pragian			Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian					Kralodvorian		Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Kralodvorian		Richmondian		446 *
								Berounian		Richmondian		449.7 *
										Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian			450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
			Sandbian							Chatfieldian			453
										Turinian			453.7 *
										Turinian			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Whiterockian			Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
											Liben †					458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
								Dobrotivian								458.5 *
								Oretanian								459.7 *
											Sarka †					461.7 *
			Dapingian								Klabava †					467.3
								Arenigian								468
										Rangerian						469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian							Tulean							473.9 *
			Tremadocian					Tremadocian		Tulean							Ungurian	477.7
										Stairsian								480.3 *
Skullrockian										Demingian †						482 *
Skullrockian	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Batyrbaian	485.4
			Stage 10														487.5
			Jiangshanian														489.5
				Aksaian												490.7 *
				Sakian												492.2 *
			Paibian	Sakian												494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †												Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian														499.5
			Drumian													Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian													Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan													Tuesaian	Stage 5 †	504.5
			Wuliuan														Stage 5 †	505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4														509
																Toyonian	510 *
																Botomian	512.5 *
			Stage 3													Botomian	514
			Stage 3													Atdabanian	515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2													Tommotian	521
			Stage 2														525.5
			Fortunian														529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian	538.8
			Cryogenian																	635
			Tonian																	720
			Tonian																Karatau	800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian																Karatau	1000
			Stenian				Yurmatian												1100
			Ectasian				Yurmatian												1200
			Ectasian				Burzyan												1375
																						1400