PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Silurian of England		Ordovician of North America					Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian															Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian															Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian															Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian															Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian															Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															Late Albian			100.5
																	Middle Albian			106.2 *
																	Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian															Late Aptian			113
		Aptian															Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian															Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian															Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian															Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian															Late Berriasian			139.8
																	Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																	Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian															Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian															Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian															Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian															Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian																Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian															Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian															Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian															Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian															Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															Late Toarcian			174.7
																	Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
																	Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian															Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian															Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian															Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian															Sevatian			208.5
																	Alaunian			213.2 *
																	Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian															Tuvalian			227
		Carnian															Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															Longobardian			237
		Ladinian															Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian															Illyrian			242
																	Pelsonian			243.8 *
																	Bithynian			244.7 *
																	Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian															Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan															Dienerian			251.2
		Induan															Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																		259.51
		Wordian																		264.28
		Roadian																		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																		273.01
		Artinskian																		283.5
		Sakmarian																		290.1
		Asselian																		293.52
		Asselian												Kuzel						297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												Kuzel					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
														Stephanian	Stephanian C					300.3 *
															Stephanian B					300.9 *
															Stephanian A					301.4 *
		Kasimovian	303.7												Stephanian A
		Kasimovian	Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Cantabrian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Adorf			Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian			Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Eifelian			Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian	Eifelian			Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian			Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Emsian			Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Siegen			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine			Late Lochkovian		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian				Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian								Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
													Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	489.5
														Aksaian					490.7 *
														Sakian					492.2 *
																		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																	494
		Paibian														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Ayusokkanian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian												Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian												Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan												Amgan/Solvan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan															Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4																Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian										Lenian †	510 *
				Toyonian											Dyeran		511 *
				Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3			514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
				Atdabanian	Montezuman									515.6 *
				Atdabanian	Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian										521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †							529
																				538.8