PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Carboniferous of China	European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian			MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16						Villanyian	2.58
					MN 16						Ruscinian	3.1 *
					MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15							3.6
					MN 14							4.2
					MN 13							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13						Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12							7.246
					MN 11							7.75
					MN 10						Vallesian	8.7
					MN 9							9.7
					MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian			MN 7 + 8						Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian			MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5							13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4						Orleanian	15.98
					MN 3						Orleanian	16.9
					MN 2						Agenian	20
		Aquitanian			MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Zechstein	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Rotliegendes	Midian		259.51
		Wordian								Midian		264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian	Autunian		283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †			Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian				298.9
		Gzhelian	Virgilian				Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian	Missourian				Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Missourian				Dalaun	305.8 *
			Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian					307
		Moscovian	Atokan					312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan					315.2
			Morrowan					318.4 *
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian				Chesterian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian					330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian		330.9
			Jiusian		335 *
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian	Siegen					407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3						Branchian		514
		Stage 3						Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8