PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Permian of China	Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene			Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian			0.129
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene			Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene			Ensenadan			0.774
		Calabrian											Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian											Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene			Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian								Late Pliocene			Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean								Early Pliocene			Chapadmalalan			3.6
													Montehermosan			3.7 *
													Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian													Pannonian	7.246
													Chasicoan			7.9 *
													Mayoan			9.9 *
													Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5					Middle Miocene					Sarmatian	11.63
															Badenian	12.8 *
													Colloncuran		Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian											Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian											Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene			Friasian			15.98
													Santacrucian			16.2 *
													Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
		Aquitanian											Colhuehuapian			20.44
		Aquitanian											Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4					Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3					Late Eocene			Tinguirirican			33.9
		Priabonian								Late Eocene			Divisaderan			35.9 *
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2											41.2
		Lutetian											Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian								Early Eocene			Mustersan			47.8
		Ypresian								Early Eocene			Casamayoran			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cenozoic 1					Late Paleocene			Riochican			56
													Itaboraian			56.9 *
													Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian								Early Paleocene			Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8											66
		Campanian			Cretaceous 7											72.1
		Santonian			Cretaceous 6											83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4											100.5
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3											113
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2											121.4
		Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2											125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1											132.6
		Berriasian			Cretaceous 1											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6											145
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5											149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4											165.3
		Bajocian			Jurassic 4											168.2
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7		Jurassic 3
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4			453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3					458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Ordovician 2		Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10									Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4					St Davids		497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3					Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1							529
																538.8