PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Permian Subages of Germany	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian				Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian					Sarmatian				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian					Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian									Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian	Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic							100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian							125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan		150
										Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian								Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian								Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian								Warepan		208.5
										Otamitan		217
										Oretian		221
		Carnian								Oretian		227
		Carnian							Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian								Etalian		238
		Anisian								Etalian		242
		Anisian								Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian								Nelsonian		249
		Induan								Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan							DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902						Makarewan
		Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	Aparima				Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Leine					Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Leine					Barettian	266
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian					283.5	Mangapirian
							Telfordian	285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian			393.3
		Pragian				Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine			410.8
												419.2