PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian							Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
									Hemingfordian			16.3
									Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
									Whitneyan			29.5
									Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian							Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian							Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian							Bridgerian			47.8
									Wasatchian			50.5
									Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian							Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian							Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
			Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
			Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
				Filipovian		276.5 *
				Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
				Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
				Irginian		285.9 *
				Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
				Uskalykian		294.8
				Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	489.5
									Aksaian	490.7 *
									Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian							Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian	497
									Ayusokkanian	Arcadian	498.4
											499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan							Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan									505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4								Branchian	509
									Toyonian		510 *
									Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian		514
									Atdabanian		515.6 *
									Atdabanian	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian		521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
												538.8