PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of North America		European Faunal Zones	Permian of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian			Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian										Sheridanian					0.129
												Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
															Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
												Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
															Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian							MN 17						Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							MN 16						Vorohuean		2.58
									MN 16						Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
									MN 15								3.2
		Zanclean															3.6
															Montehermosan		3.7 *
									MN 14								4.2
									MN 14			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
									MN 13						Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							MN 13								5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12								7.246
									MN 11								7.75
									MN 11						Chasicoan		7.9 *
									MN 10								8.7
									MN 10			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
									MN 9								9.7
															Mayoan		9.9 *
															Laventan		10.9 *
									MN 7 + 8								11.1
		Serravallian															11.63
												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
									MN 6								12.8 *
									MN 6						Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian							MN 5						Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian							MN 5						Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian							MN 4						Friasian		15.98
															Santacrucian		16.2 *
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
									MN 3								16.9
															Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
									MN 2								20
		Aquitanian															20.44
															Deseadan		20.9 *
									MN 1								22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
													Monroecreekian				23.1 *
													Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian															27.82
															Tinguirirican		28.9 *
																	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
												Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan		35.9 *
																	37
		Bartonian															37.71
		Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
															Mustersan		41.9 *
												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
															Casamayoran		47.9 *
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican		56
														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican		56.2
															Itaboraian		56.9 *
															Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian	59.2
		Selandian	To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian		61.6
				Tiupampan	62.4 *
			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian			100.5
			Middle Albian			106.2 *
			Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian			139.8
			Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
			Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
			Early Kimmeridgian					Ohauan		152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian					Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							174.7
			Late Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
			Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian					Warepan	208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
		Carnian	Tuvalian					Oretian	227
			Tuvalian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian						237
			Longobardian					Etalian	238
			Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian						244.7 *
			Aegean						245.5 *
			Aegean					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian						Vokhmian	247.2
			Smithian							248.9 *
			Smithian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
			Griesbachian							251.4 *
			Griesbachian				DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan	Meishanian		251.902
								Waiitian	Meishanian		253.2
				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
				Laoshanian				Puruhauan	254.2
				Laibinian				Puruhauan	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Barettian	266
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian					273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
				Longlinian				Telfordian	285.4 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian					298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian			393.3
		Pragian				Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Bolindian	443.8
		Katian							Bolindian	445.2
									Eastonian	449 *
									Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian							Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian							Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian							Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian	470
									Bendigonian	471.8 *
									Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian							Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian							Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran							514
			Montezuman							514.8 *
			Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
																	538.8