PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian											Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5									11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3									33.9
		Bartonian				Cenozoic 3									37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2									41.2
		Ypresian				Cenozoic 2									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1									56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Late Albian		Cretaceous 4									100.5
				Middle Albian											106.2 *
				Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian		Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3									113
		Aptian		Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3									119.5 *
		Barremian		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian											139.8
				Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
				Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5									149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian											174.7
				Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
				Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2									184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1									192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4									201.4
		Norian		Sevatian											208.5
				Alaunian											213.2 *
				Lacian											216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		Triassic 3									227
		Carnian		Julian		Triassic 3									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf		Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		Devonian 3		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian		Devonian 3		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian		Devonian 2		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen		Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine		Devonian 1		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4				453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian					Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Ordovician 3				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Ordovician 2				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig			Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	Tremadoc			Migneintian			477.7
						Tremadoc			Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		Cambrian 2							514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1							529
															538.8