PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian			0.0117
		Chibanian							Ionian			0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
				Planulata								179.3 *
				Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
				Kanense								181.3 *
				Carlottense								182.3 *
				Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae								184.2
				Freboldi								185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian										192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian	Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
								Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									489.5
										Steptoean	493 *
								Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
												538.8