PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of Germany	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						0
				Northgrippian						0.0042
				Greenlandian						0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian		0.0117
				Chibanian				Ionian		0.129
				Calabrian						0.774
				Gelasian						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean						3.6
			Miocene	Messinian						5.333
				Tortonian						7.246
				Serravallian						11.63
				Langhian						13.82
				Burdigalian						15.98
				Aquitanian						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						33.9
				Bartonian						37.71
				Lutetian						41.2
				Ypresian						47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						56
				Selandian						59.2
				Danian						61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian				66
				Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
				Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
				Aptian						113
				Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian						139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
				Kimmeridgian						149.2
				Oxfordian						154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
				Bathonian						165.3
				Bajocian						168.2
				Aalenian						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
				Pliensbachian						184.2
				Sinemurian						192.9
				Hettangian						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
				Norian						208.5
				Carnian						227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
				Wordian						264.28
				Roadian						266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
				Artinskian						283.5
				Sakmarian						290.1
				Asselian						293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
Kasimovian				303.7
Moscovian				307
Bashkirian				315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian			Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian		Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan		Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4		Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3		Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
		Ediacaran				Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
		Cryogenian							635
		Tonian							720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							1000
		Ectasian							1200
		Calymmian							1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian							1600
		Orosirian							1800
		Rhyacian							2050
		Siderian							2300
Archean	Neoarchean								2500
	Mesoarchean								2800
	Paleoarchean								3200
	Eoarchean								3600
Hadean									4000
										4600