PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of France	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean										Wanganui	Haweran			0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean														0.0004
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean												Late Pleistocene		0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean												Middle Pleistocene		0.129
						Irvingtonian														0.21
																	Castlecliffian			0.34
				Calabrian														Early Pleistocene		0.774
						Blancan														1.4
																	Nukumaruan			1.63
				Gelasian													Nukumaruan			1.8
				Gelasian													Mangapanian			2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Mangapanian	Late Pliocene		2.58
				Piacenzian													Waipipian	Late Pliocene		3
				Zanclean													Waipipian	Early Pliocene		3.6
																	Opoitian			3.7
						Hemphillian											Opoitian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene		5.333
				Messinian													Tongaporutuan			7.2
				Tortonian																7.246
						Clarendonian														9.4
																Southland	Waiauan			11.04
				Serravallian														Middle Miocene		11.63
						Barstovian														12.5
																	Lillburnian			13.05
				Langhian													Lillburnian			13.82
																	Clifdenian			15.1
																Pareora	Altonian			15.9
				Burdigalian														Early Miocene		15.98
						Hemingfordian														16.3
						Arikareean														18.5
																	Otaian			18.7
				Aquitanian													Otaian			20.44
				Aquitanian												Landon	Waitakian			21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Waitakian	Late Oligocene		23.03
																	Duntroonian			25.2
																	Whaingaroan			27.3
				Rupelian														Early Oligocene		27.82
						Whitneyan														29.5
						Orellan														31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian												Late Eocene		33.9
																Arnold	Runangan			34.6
																	Kaiatan			36.7
						Duchesnean														37
				Bartonian														Middle Eocene		37.71
																	Bortonian			39.1
						Uintan														39.7
				Lutetian																41.2
																Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
																	Heretaungan			45.7
						Bridgerian														46.2
				Ypresian														Early Eocene		47.8
																	Mangaorapan			48.9
						Wasatchian											Mangaorapan			50.5
						Wasatchian											Waipawan			52
						Clarkforkian											Waipawan			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian											Teurian	Late Paleocene		56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian												Late Paleocene		56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian												Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian												Middle Paleocene		60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian												Early Paleocene		61.6
				Danian		Puercan												Early Paleocene		63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian			Korangan		113
			Aptian					117.5
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian					125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					168.2
			Aalenian					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Pliensbachian					184.2
			Sinemurian					192.9
			Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
			Visean					Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Pragian	Coblencien			408.2 *
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian			443.8
			Katian					Gamachian			445.2
								Richmondian			446 *
						Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian			449.8 *
						Edenian					450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
			Sandbian				Chatfieldian				453
							Turinian				453.7 *
					Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor			457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dapingian								467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian					469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	470
			Floian			Tulean						473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean						477.7
						Stairsian						480.3 *
						Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
											Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Stage 10									Niuchehean					487.5
			Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian					489.5
														Aksaian			490.7 *
														Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian									Paibian					494
																Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
													Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Guzhangian									Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	Drumian										Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian										Amgan/Solvan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Duyunian										Amgan/Solvan			509
													Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
													Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian										Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian										Atdabanian			515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian										Tommotian			521
		Stage 2											Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian												Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian											Manykaian †		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																	635
		Tonian																	720
		Tonian																Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian																Karatau	1000
		Stenian																Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian																Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian																Burzyan	1375
																				1400