PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of France	European Faunal Units	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of North America						Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian										0.0117
				Chibanian			Ionian										0.129
				Calabrian													0.774
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian											2.58
				Piacenzian		Ruscinian											3.1 *
				Zanclean		Ruscinian											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian		Turolian											5.333
				Tortonian		Turolian											7.246
				Tortonian		Vallesian											8.7
				Serravallian		Astaracian											11.63
				Langhian		Astaracian											13.82
				Burdigalian		Orleanian											15.98
				Burdigalian		Agenian											20
				Aquitanian		Agenian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Ypresian													47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian													254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian													259.51
				Wordian													264.28
				Roadian													266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
				Artinskian													283.5
				Sakmarian													290.1
				Asselian													293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †								298.9
Kasimovian				303.7					Mapingian †
Kasimovian					305.9
Moscovian					307
Bashkirian					315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Pragian		Coblencien				408.2 *
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian							Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
			Dapingian										467.3
			Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				485.4
			Stage 10											487.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan											504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4											509
		Series 2	Stage 3											514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan	1375
																	1400