PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian					0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian					0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan					0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
									Monroecreekian				23.1 *
									Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian				27.82
		Rupelian											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian											37
		Bartonian											37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1			60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1			61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian	Batyrbaian					485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian					489.5
							Aksaian					490.7 *
							Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian					Sakian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian	Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan					Tuesaian					504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian						509
							Toyonian					510 *
							Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian					514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian					521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
													538.8