PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											Early Pliocene					3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian											Late Miocene					7.246
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian											Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian											Early Miocene					15.98
		Aquitanian											Early Miocene					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian										Bumbanian	Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Gashatan		Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan													145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan													149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan													150
					Heterian													154.5
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan													164.3
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan													176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan													184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran													188.9
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian													201.4
		Norian			Warepan													208.5
					Otamitan													217
					Oretian													221
		Carnian			Oretian													227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan													227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan													237
		Ladinian			Etalian													238
		Anisian			Etalian													242
		Anisian			Malakovian													246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian					Vokhmian								247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian													249
		Induan			Nelsonian													251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan													251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan												Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Waiitian		253.2												Dorashamian
		Wuchiapingian	Waiitian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Puruhauan		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Midian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
				Barettian			266
						Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
				Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
						Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					283.5
				Telfordian			285
				Telfordian		Yakhtashian	286
						Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
								Dobrotivian				458.5 *
								Oretanian				459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
													Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
													Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
													Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian														Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan												Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan												Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Caerfai		Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4												Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3												Dyeran			514
														Montezuman			514.8 *
														Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
														Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																		538.8