PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran											0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian													Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian										Ionian	0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian											0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian					Tertiary †						2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian											3
		Zanclean			Waipipian											3.6
		Zanclean			Opoitian											3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian			Tongaporutuan											7.246
		Tortonian		Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian			Waiauan											11.63
		Serravallian			Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian											13.82
					Clifdenian											15.1
				Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian			Altonian											15.98
		Burdigalian			Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian											23.03
					Duntroonian											25.2
					Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Arnold	Runangan											34.6
					Kaiatan											36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan											37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian											39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian											41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
					Heretaungan											45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan											47.8
					Mangaorapan											48.9
					Waipawan											52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian											56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian											66
		Campanian			Haumurian											72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan											83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan											86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
					Mangaotanean											90.5
					Arowhanan											93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan											93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian											95.2
					Motuan											99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan											100.5
					Urutawan											103.3
				Taitai	Korangan											108.4
		Aptian			Korangan											113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien		Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien					408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian								Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian								Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Lianghekou †					Xinchangian		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian	494										Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †								Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																538.8