PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127314 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian of England		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe					Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran															0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian															0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian															0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan															1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan															1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian															2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian											Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian															3
		Zanclean			Waipipian															3.6
		Zanclean			Opoitian															3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean															5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan															7.2
		Tortonian			Tongaporutuan															7.246
		Tortonian		Southland	Waiauan															11.04
		Serravallian			Waiauan															11.63
		Serravallian			Lillburnian															13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian															13.82
					Clifdenian															15.1
				Pareora	Altonian															15.9
		Burdigalian			Altonian															15.98
		Burdigalian			Otaian															18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian															20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian															21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian												MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
					Duntroonian															25.2
					Whaingaroan															27.3
		Rupelian															MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
				Arnold	Runangan															34.6
					Kaiatan															36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan												MP 16			37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian												MP 16			39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian												MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan															42.6
					Heretaungan															45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan												MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
					Mangaorapan															48.9
					Waipawan															52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian												MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	86.1
		Coniacian																	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian																	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
					Mangaotanean															90.5
					Arowhanan															93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian															95.2
					Motuan															99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan														Late Albian	100.5
					Urutawan														Late Albian	103.3
					Urutawan														Middle Albian	106.2 *
				Taitai	Korangan														Middle Albian	108.4
																			Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian																	Late Aptian	113
																			Late Aptian	117.5
																			Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian			139.8
			Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
			Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian		Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras			Late Bajocian	168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Late Toarcian	174.7
				Planulata				179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Kanense					181.3 *
				Carlottense					182.3 *
				Carlottense			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Kunae			Early Toarcian		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Freboldi					185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian						Sevatian		208.5
								Alaunian		213.2 *
								Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian		227
		Carnian						Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian		237
		Ladinian						Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian		242
								Pelsonian		243.8 *
								Bithynian		244.7 *
								Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian						Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan						Dienerian		251.2
		Induan						Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
		Asselian									Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian						Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian									Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian									Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian						Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
			Westphalian B								314.6
		Bashkirian	Westphalian B								315.2
			Westphalian A								317 *
			Namurian		Yeadonian						318.8 *
					Marsdenian						320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian						321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien								Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									Emsian	393.3
		Pragian									Siegen	407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien								Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine								Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4					Buildwas
		Homerian		Wych			Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian									Chatfieldian		453
											Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian	469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †	504.5
																				509