PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128338 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of France	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of Siberia		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
				Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian												100.5
									Middle Albian												106.2 *
									Early Albian												109.9 *
				Aptian					Late Aptian												113
				Aptian					Early Aptian												119.5 *
				Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian					Late Berriasian												139.8
									Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
									Early Berriasian												142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
				Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
				Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
				Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian					Late Bajocian												168.2
				Bajocian					Early Bajocian												168.6 *
				Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian												174.7
									Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
									Early Toarcian												182.9 *
				Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
				Norian					Sevatian												208.5
									Alaunian												213.2 *
									Lacian												216.7 *
				Carnian					Tuvalian												227
				Carnian					Julian												233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian												237
				Ladinian					Fassanian												239.7 *
				Anisian					Illyrian												242
									Pelsonian												243.8 *
									Bithynian												244.7 *
									Aegean												245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian												247.2
				Olenekian					Smithian												248.9 *
				Induan					Dienerian												251.2
				Induan					Griesbachian												251.4 *
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												Dorashamian					251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												Dzhulfian					254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian												Midian					259.51
				Wordian												Midian					264.28
				Wordian												Murgabian					266.2 *
				Roadian												Murgabian					266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian												Kubergandian					273.01
				Kungurian												Bolorian					279.8
				Artinskian												Bolorian					283.5
				Artinskian												Yakhtashian					286
				Sakmarian												Sakmarian					290.1
				Asselian												Asselian					293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian										298.9
				Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian										303.7
Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Siegen	407.6
			Pragian	Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli					Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian			433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton				440.1 *
										440.7 *
			Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
			Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian										453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
											Dobrotivian				458.5 *
											Oretanian				459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian									Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian								Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian								Arenigian				470
			Tremadocian								Tremadocian				477.7
			Tremadocian								Tremadocian				Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Stage 10																Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian																	489.5
															Aksaian					490.7 *
															Sakian					492.2 *
																			Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian																	494
			Paibian															Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian				Albertian †		Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian														Mayan/Menevian			499.5
	Drumian		500.5														Mayan/Menevian
	Wuliuan		Topazan						Amgan/Solvan		504.5
	Wuliuan		Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †				509
									Toyonian						Lenian †		510 *
			Dyeran						Toyonian								511 *
									Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3															514
			Montezuman														514.8 *
			Montezuman						Atdabanian								515.6 *
			Begadean						Atdabanian								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian								521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian							Nemakit-Daldynian						Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian									538.8
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian																		720
		Tonian									Karatau									800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau									1000
		Stenian			Yurmatian						1100
		Ectasian			Yurmatian						1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan						1375
																					1400