PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Cambrian of Siberia			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran											0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian											0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian											2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian											3
		Zanclean						Waipipian											3.6
		Zanclean						Opoitian											3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian						Tongaporutuan											7.246
		Tortonian					Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian						Waiauan											11.63
		Serravallian						Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian											13.82
								Clifdenian											15.1
							Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian						Altonian											15.98
		Burdigalian						Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
								Duntroonian											25.2
								Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian															Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
							Arnold	Runangan											34.6
								Kaiatan											36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian											39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian											41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
								Heretaungan											45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan										Bumbanian	47.8
								Mangaorapan											48.9
								Waipawan											52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian									Gashatan		56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian	Senonian										66
		Campanian						Haumurian											72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan											83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan											86.1
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
								Mangaotanean											90.5
								Arowhanan											93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan											93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian											95.2
								Motuan											99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan	Gallic										100.5
								Urutawan											103.3
							Taitai	Korangan											108.4
		Aptian						Korangan											113
		Aptian																	117.5
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian										125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
		Pragian					Siegen		407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien		Siegen		408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
								Pusgillian		449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †		Vormsi	449.6 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
			Oandu	452 *					Cheneyan
			Oandu	Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian	Keila						Idavere †			453
			Keila							Actonian †		453.2 *
			Haljala							Actonian †		453.9
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
			Kukruse										456.4 *
				Aurelucian									456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
			Uhaku						Aluoja †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
			Lasnamagi										458.9 *
			Aseri										460.4 *
			Aseri					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
			Oeland								Kunda		462.9 *
									Valaste †/Hunderum		Kunda		464.3 *
											Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
				Arenig				Fennian						468.4 *
											Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
									Latorp †					470.1 *
								Whitlandian						471.1 *
								Whitlandian			Hunneberg			473.7 *
								Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc				Migneintian						477.7
								Cressagian						480.8 *
											Varangu			481.3 *
											Pakerort			482.2 *
														Mansian †	483.55 *
														Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																489.5
									Aksaian									490.7 *
									Sakian									492.2 *
																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				494
		Paibian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian									494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian											499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian											500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan									Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
					Toyonian		Dyeran		511 *
					Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3							514
							Montezuman		514.8 *
					Atdabanian		Montezuman		515.6 *
					Atdabanian		Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian				521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
																			538.8