PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages			Silurian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean								Cenozoic 6	0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian									Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian									Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		2.58
		Zanclean																		3.6
		Zanclean									Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian										Pannonian								7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian	Pannonian								9.4
		Serravallian									Clarendonian	Sarmatian							Cenozoic 5	11.63
											Barstovian	Sarmatian								12.5
												Badenian								12.8 *
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
											Hemingfordian									16.3
											Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian																		27.82
											Whitneyan									29.5
											Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian								Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian									Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan								Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian									Bridgerian									47.8
											Wasatchian									50.5
											Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Clarkforkian								Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian									Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian									Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian																	Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian																	Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																	Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian																	Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian																	Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian																	Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian																	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian																	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan									Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan									Jurassic 5	149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan										150
										Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian																	Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2																Jurassic 4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian	Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	Triassic 3	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	Dorashamian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Dzhulfian		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Midian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
				Barettian			266
					Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	Permian 2	273.01
				Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
					Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian					283.5
				Telfordian			285
				Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
					Yakhtashian		288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian			Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean				Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	Srbsko	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien	Chotec	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien	Pragian		408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju		Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu		Rawtheyan		445.2
												Cautleyan		448.9 *
												Pusgillian		449.3 *
										Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
										Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere						450.6 *
										Rakvere		Cheneyan				451.5 *
										Oandu		Cheneyan				452 *
										Oandu		Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila			Idavere †		Ordovician 4	453
										Keila				Actonian †		453.2 *
										Haljala				Actonian †		453.9
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
										Kukruse							456.4 *
												Aurelucian					456.8 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
										Uhaku			Aluoja †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Ordovician 3		458.4
										Lasnamagi							458.9 *
										Aseri							460.4 *
										Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
								Oeland		Kunda							462.9 *
										Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
										Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian													Ordovician 2			467.3
											Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
										Billingen								469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian																470
													Latorp †					470.1 *
												Whitlandian						471.1 *
										Hunneberg		Whitlandian						473.7 *
												Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian							Ordovician 1	477.7
				Cressagian								480.8 *
										Varangu		481.3 *
					Pakerort					482.2 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Cambrian 5	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian									Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan									Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									Cambrian 1	529
																				538.8