PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
																	Irvingtonian	0.21
									Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian																0.774
																	Blancan	1.4
									Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian									2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian									3
		Zanclean							Waipipian									3.6
									Opoitian									3.7
									Opoitian								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
																	Clarendonian	9.4
								Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian																11.63
																	Barstovian	12.5
									Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian									13.82
									Clifdenian									15.1
								Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
									Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian									23.03
									Duntroonian									25.2
									Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan									34.6
									Kaiatan									36.7
																	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																37.71
									Bortonian									39.1
																	Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
									Heretaungan									45.7
																	Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																47.8
									Mangaorapan									48.9
									Mangaorapan								Wasatchian	50.5
									Waipawan								Wasatchian	52
									Waipawan								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian								Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ashgill	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
											Cautleyan			448.9 *
											Pusgillian			449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
														Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
				Viru								Rakvere		450.6 *
											Cheneyan	Rakvere		451.5 *
											Cheneyan	Oandu		452 *
											Burrellian	Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian										Keila		Idavere †	453
			Actonian †									Keila	453.2 *
			Actonian †									Haljala	453.9
			Marshbrookian †										Woolstonian †		454.2 *
			Longvillian †												455.2 *
												Kukruse			456.4 *
											Aurelucian				456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian												457.4 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian									Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn							Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Uhaku			458.4
												Lasnamagi			458.9 *
												Aseri			460.4 *
										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Aseri			461.3 *
				Oeland								Kunda			462.9 *
												Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
												Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian														467.3
			Arenig							Fennian						468.4 *
												Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
														Latorp †		470.1 *
										Whitlandian						471.1 *
										Whitlandian		Hunneberg				473.7 *
										Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc							Migneintian						477.7
										Cressagian						480.8 *
												Varangu				481.3 *
												Pakerort				482.2 *
																485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10														Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
							486.3 *
							486.5
							Sunwaptan					487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan					489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian					Albertian †				497
		Drumian					Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan									504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran									506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran					Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4					Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran									514
							Montezuman									514.8 *
							Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																		538.8