PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Ordovician of Britain			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian					7.246
		Tortonian								Pannonian			Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian								Sarmatian			Clarendonian		11.63
										Sarmatian			Barstovian		12.5
										Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
													Hemingfordian		16.3
													Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
													Whitneyan		29.5
													Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian											Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian		47.8
													Wasatchian		50.5
													Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian											Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian						66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic						100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian	303.7
			Khamovnikian	304.8
			Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian	307
			Podolskian	308.9 *
			Kashirian	311.4 *
			Vereian	313.8
			Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian	315.2
			Cheremshanian	316.9 *
			Prikamian	318.6 *
			Severokeltmian	319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
			Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
			Protvian	324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	330.9
			Mikhailovian	331.9 *
			Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			470
							Whitlandian			471.1 *
							Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
							Cressagian			480.8 *
							Cressagian			Mansian †	483.55 *
										Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian			489.5
										Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian			497
										Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
										Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian				500.5
		Wuliuan								Amgan/Solvan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Amgan/Solvan			Branchian	509
										Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
										Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian				514
										Atdabanian				515.6 *
										Atdabanian			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian				521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian								Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
															538.8