PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Devonian of France	Silurian of North America			Precambrian of Russia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian						Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian						Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian						Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan				3.6
										Montehermosan				3.7 *
										Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
										Chasicoan				7.9 *
										Mayoan				9.9 *
										Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian						Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian						Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian				15.98
										Santacrucian				16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian								Kekeamuan		27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican		Kekeamuan		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian						Divisaderan		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		35.9 *
				Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Lutetian						Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian						Mustersan			Bumbanian	47.8
				Ypresian						Casamayoran			Bumbanian	47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican		Gashatan		56
										Itaboraian				56.9 *
										Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
				Danian						Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli			Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
														1400