PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of France	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Silurian Ages of Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian							Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian							Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian							Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean							2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan							3.6
									Montehermosan							3.7 *
									Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
									Chasicoan							7.9 *
									Mayoan							9.9 *
									Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian							Laventan							11.63
		Serravallian							Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian							Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian							15.98
									Santacrucian							16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian							Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian							Tinguirirican							33.9
		Priabonian							Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian							Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian							Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian							Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican							56
									Itaboraian							56.9 *
									Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian							Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian										100.5
						Middle Albian										106.2 *
						Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian										113
		Aptian				Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian										139.8
						Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
						Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
			Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Late Toarcian				180.1
			Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
		Roadian					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian						Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian							Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
										Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
										Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
										Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian							Couvinien	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian								Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian								Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian								Pragian	407.6
		Pragian							Coblencien	Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian						412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian						415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian				Buildwas		427.4
						Gleedonian			Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
						Whitwellian						429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju			Porkuni	443.8
		Katian										Pirgu	445.2
												Vormsi	449.6 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru			Rakvere		450.6 *
												Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	453
												Haljala		453.9
												Kukruse		456.4 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku		458.4
												Lasnamagi		458.9 *
												Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland			Kunda		462.9 *
			Valaste †/Hunderum									Kunda	464.3 *
												Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian										Volkhov		467.3
		Dapingian										Billingen		469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
			Latorp †											470.1 *
												Hunneberg		473.7 *
		Tremadocian										Hunneberg		477.7
												Varangu		481.3 *
												Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian									Pakerort			485.4
								486.3 *
									486.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian						497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
																538.8