PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		Central Paratethys Stages
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian												Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian												Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian			113
		Aptian										Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian										Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian			174.7
												Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
												Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian										Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian										Sevatian			208.5
												Alaunian			213.2 *
												Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian										Tuvalian			227
		Carnian										Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Longobardian			237
		Ladinian										Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian										Illyrian			242
												Pelsonian			243.8 *
												Bithynian			244.7 *
												Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		315.2		Atokan
		Bashkirian		Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian		323.2
		Visean		Chesterian		330.9
				Meramecian		335.8 *
				Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bolindian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Kralodvorian	Eastonian		449 *
							Berounian	Eastonian		449.7 *
								Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian				458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †	Yapeenian			467.3
							Arenigian		Yapeenian			468
									Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian			470
									Bendigonian			471.8 *
			Lancefieldian						473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian				Tremadocian		Ungurian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian		482.8 *		Tremadocian		Ungurian
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian		485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian		489.5
							Aksaian		490.7 *
							Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian					Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †		Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan							Tuesaian			Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
									Toyonian				510 *
									Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian				514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian				521
															525.5