PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	23.03
									Monroecreekian				23.1 *
									Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian							Geringian			Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian										Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene	47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Midian	264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		323.2
		Visean			Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian		Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula					427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani					433.4
		Telychian		Adavere					434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere					438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Branchian	509
		Stage 3								Branchian	514
		Stage 3								Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8