PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Britain				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian												0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian												0.129
				Ensenadan												0.3 *
															Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian													Castlecliffian	0.774
															Nukumaruan	1.63
				Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian														1.8
		Gelasian													Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean									Villanyian			2.58
				Chapadmalalan												2.9 *
															Waipipian	3
													Ruscinian			3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
				Montehermosan											Opoitian	3.7 *
				Huayquerian											Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
				Chasicoan												7.9 *
				Chasicoan									Vallesian			8.7
				Mayoan												9.9 *
				Laventan												10.9 *
														Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian											Astaracian		Waiauan	11.63
															Lillburnian	13.05
				Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian														13.82
															Clifdenian	15.1
				Friasian											Clifdenian	15.4 *
														Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian											Orleanian			15.98
				Santacrucian												16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
															Otaian	18.7
													Agenian			20
		Aquitanian														20.44
				Deseadan												20.9 *
														Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Waitakian	23.03
															Duntroonian	25.2
															Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican												28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
														Arnold	Runangan	34.6
				Divisaderan											Runangan	35.9 *
															Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian													Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian													Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian														41.2
				Mustersan												41.9 *
														Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
															Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian														47.8
				Casamayoran												47.9 *
															Mangaorapan	48.9
															Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican											Teurian	56
				Itaboraian												56.9 *
				Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian	59.2
		Danian	61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata		Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara		Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence		Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke		Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke		Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia		Ohauan		150
						Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi		Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour		Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian		Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian			264.28
						Barettian			266
								Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian						Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian	273.01
						Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
								Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
			Yakhtashian			Telfordian		286
			Yakhtashian					288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †					Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian						298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian						303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian						305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian						307
		Moscovian	Atokan						312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan						315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan						318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian						323.2
		Visean	Chesterian						330.9
			Meramecian						335.8 *
			Osagean						343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani		433.4
		Telychian			Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill		Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan			Pirgu	445.2
							Cautleyan				448.9 *
							Pusgillian				449.3 *
					Caradoc		Streffordian			Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
							Cheneyan				Rakvere		451.5 *
							Cheneyan				Oandu		452 *
							Burrellian				Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	453
										Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
										Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
										Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †				455.2 *
											Kukruse			456.4 *
							Aurelucian							456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Uhaku			458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
											Aseri			460.4 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Aseri			461.3 *
									Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		467.3
				Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
						Billingen	469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
							Latorp †				470.1 *
					Whitlandian						471.1 *
					Whitlandian	Hunneberg					473.7 *
					Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
					Cressagian						480.8 *
						Varangu					481.3 *
						Pakerort					482.2 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian					485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
																538.8