PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128028 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permian of the Salt Range	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene				0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian	Middle Pleistocene				0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian	Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene	Yushean		Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene			Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene				3.6
				Hemphillian					4.7
						Baodean			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene			Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian	7.246
								Vallesian	8.7
				Clarendonian					9.4
						Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene			Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian				Shanwangian			13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene			Orleanian	15.98
				Hemingfordian					16.3
				Hemingfordian		Xiejiaan			16.9
				Arikareean					18.5
								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian						Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene				27.82
				Whitneyan					29.5
				Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian	Late Eocene				33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean	Late Eocene				37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean	Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian	Early Eocene				47.8
				Wasatchian					50.5
				Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene				56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian	Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian	Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian		Puercan	Early Paleocene				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai				251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai				251.902
							252.4 *
			Chhidru				252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru				254.14
			Kalabagh				255 *
			Wargal				256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
			Amb				266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb				266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
									358.9