PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6			0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
		Zanclean							3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian	Cenozoic 5			11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian							15.98
					Hemingfordian				16.3
					Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4			23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
					Whitneyan				29.5
					Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian	Cenozoic 3			33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan	Cenozoic 2			41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian				47.8
					Wasatchian				50.5
					Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1			56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian			Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8			66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7			72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6			83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4			100.5
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3			113
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6			145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5			149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4			168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4		307
		Moscovian	Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	Carboniferous 2		330.9
			Meramecian			335.8 *
			Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	Carboniferous 1		346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Late Cambrian	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Cambrian 2	Dyeran		514
						Montezuman		514.8 *
						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1			529
									538.8