PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of China		Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of Australia	Permian of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean											Yushean	3.6
		Zanclean											Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian											Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian											Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian											Shanwangian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Xiejiaan	16.9
		Aquitanian											Xiejiaan	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
		Wuchiapingian								Zechstein				254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Tatarian	Vyatkian		Zechstein				256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian		Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian						Urzhumian						264.28
		Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian						266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian						273.01
								Filipovian						276.5 *
								Saraninian						280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
				Irginian		285.9 *
				Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Bursumian †	Asselian		Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian					303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan				Middle Pennsylvanian	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan				Early Pennsylvanian	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian				Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Meramecian					335.8 *
			Osagean					343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean				Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian				Early Mississippian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian	445.2
								Eastonian	449 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian						Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian						Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian						Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian	470
								Bendigonian	471.8 *
								Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian						Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian						Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10							Niuchehean			Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian							Paibian				494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	St Davids		497
		Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian	Duyunian		Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian				530.7
														538.8