PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of North America	Devonian Subages	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						2.58
		Zanclean						3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian						15.98
						Hemingfordian		16.3
						Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
		Rupelian						27.82
						Whitneyan		29.5
						Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian		47.8
						Wasatchian		50.5
						Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian				Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian	Virgilian		300.1
		Kasimovian	Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian	Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		323.2
		Visean	Chesterian		330.9
			Meramecian		335.8 *
			Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian		358.9
					Middle Famennian		365.3 *
					Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian		372.2
					Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
					Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian		Srbsko	382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	Chotec	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian	Chotec	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
								419.2